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Sample essays :: Ethics
Ethics
Kantian Moral Philosophy in modern interpretation.
(abstract)
...The main aim of moral philosophy is to find the foundational principle of metaphysics of morals. Kant uses this idea in the first two chapters of his Groundwork. He wanted to develop a certain principle or principles used to make the ordinary moral judgments, which would be accepted by any normal, sane adult person. Kant doesn’t address the moral skeptics, who need a reason to act morally, he has another aim – to establish some moral principle and show that this principle is rational. His idea is that “creatures with rational wills” have autonomy.
But there are other aims of moral philosophy according to Kant. One of the questions of moral philosophy is – What ought I to do? the answer to this question needs to be something more that just informing the fundamental principle of morality. Kant offers a categorization of people’s basic ethical obligations to themselves and others. Kant states also that there should be something said about absolute end of human’s behavior, like the Highest God and the relation of it to moral life. This Highest God to Kant is "complete moral virtue together with complete happiness, where the first one is the basis for gaining the second". Really few of people deserve the happiness. Kant called immorality (unlimited time for people to perfect themselves) and well being (given by Divine Providence) the "postulates", necessary for reason if to talk about moral matters.
Kant often discusses the question of the method of moral philosophy to reach its aims. According to him the fundamental philosophical matters are to be addressed a priori, this means without using the observations of human beings and their behavior. As soon as the fundamental principles of morality are established a priori, the certain conclusions as for the further behavior of a person can be drawn with the help of the fact from his experience. But Kant himself doesn’t always use only a priori method, as he talks for example about empirical facts, about practical principles, which determine people’s wills...
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