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Sample essays :: Medicine
Medicine
1. Marijuana - to smoke or not to smoke.
The problem of marijuana is a controversial one, but there are for sure several strong reasons why it should not be banned. If we tackle this matter from the philosophical point of view, the first reason would be the fact that there is in reality no good reason for it to be illegal. The question "why should marijuana be legalized?" could be as well asked in a different way, i.e. " why should it be illegal?". Actually all people have their own freedom of choice and thus the government and the state laws are to restrict their actions only if they do harm to others. In the case of marijuana an individual chooses either to use or not to use marijuana according to his own will and wish. It is also very important that marijuana is far less dangerous than most other drugs, which are legal, for example alcohol and tobacco. So, the conclusion of this argument is - as long as a person does no harm to others, this stays his own private choice whether to use marijuana or not.Another argument for making marijuana legal concerns financial side. If to make marijuana legal it would be possible to save a lot of money for the government. For example in the USA all levels of government take part in the so-called "War on Drugs". "We currently spend billions of dollars every year to chase peaceful people who happen to like to get high. These people get locked up in prison and the taxpayers have to foot the bill. We have to pay for food, housing, health care, attorney fees, court costs, and other expenses to lock these people up. This is extremely expensive!" Besides if the marijuana were legal the government could gather taxes from it and use the money for some really effective drug programs.
Another tough argument that could be mentioned is that in reality the prohibition doesn’t help and is not a real obstacle for selling, buying and using marijuana. We could talk here about first of all the notion of "forbidden fruit" which attracts young people, some of them feel the desire to try it just because it is not legal. Marijuana is really widespread at most American schools, one doesn’t have to be 21 to buy it, as dealers are not interested in the child’s age they are interested in the money they get for it. It is a well-known fact that the experience with alcohol prohibition failed completely, it is clear that the same situation will be with prohibition of marijuana. All this doesn’t mean that the government should simply close eyes and do nothing about drug-addiction problems, but there are some better and more effective ways – like education and treatment, instead of prohibition and imprisonment.
2. Modern contraception
Postcoital contraception includes the methods used to prevent pregnancy taken after sexual intercourse. Theses are urgent measures which include combination oral contraceptives, high dose estrogens, danazol, and IUDs. The effectiveness of this method is very high but it causes serious hormonal changes and can not be used often. This method should be used during 72 hours after the unprotected sexual intercourse and supported by taking pills later. The data indicate that the earlier the hormone medication is taken, the less likely a subsequent pregnancy. Physicians state that good informing about the postcoital contraception could reduce the number of abortion in many times. There is a separate group of contraception methods which stands apart from the others as it requires not medication or physical interference or surgery. These are so called natural family planning methods. They include Monitoring Basal Body Temperature, Cervical Mucus Method, Home Monitoring System and some others. Monitoring Basal Body Temperature method is based on the fact that basal body temperature of the woman depends on the hormonal fluctuations and that the time of ovulation can be defined by this temperature to predict the fertile phase and abstain at that time. By studying the temperature patterns after a few months, couples can begin to anticipate ovulation and plan their sexual activity accordingly. Another very popular natural planning method is called the Calendar Method. This method helps to predict the ovulation and "unsafe days" when the possibility to get pregnant is very high by counting ovulation to occur 14 days before the onset of a period. Natural family planning methods not always give the high protections and decrease the spontaneity of the relationship but from the other hand they don’t affect health and physical and mental activities. These methods are available for the people who don’t perceive the other methods following religious or cultural traditions.
3. Cystic fibrosis (CF) as one of the most common genetic diseases.
(abstract)
...This is an inherited disease, it affects both children and adults. It occurs approximately in one of 3.300 births. The average lifespan for people with this disease is about 30 years. The researches conducted by Cystic Fibrosis Foundation show that there are:"about 30.000 Americans, 3.000 Canadians, and 20.000 Europeans, who have CF.1 out of 20 Americans is a carrier of the CF gene and 12 million of them do not know about it." (Ramsey BW, Farrell PM, Pencharz PB. Nutritional assessment and management in cystic fibrosis: a consensus report. 1992; 55:108-116). A person can be just a carrier without symptoms, but when her/his child is born he is either a carrier or a sick person.
About 500 genetic mutations are associated with this disease, most of them are delta F 508, which are the most common for CF mutation. Delta F 508 mutation is in its way associated with a single haplotype "B".
The gene of CF was identified in 1989. Since that time a lot of researches were conducted in order to get more information about it. "The biochemical abnormality in CF results from mutation in a gene that produces a protein responsible for the movement through the cell membranes of chloride ions (a component of sodium chloride ions, or common table salt). The protein is called CFTR-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator." (Kahn Tz, Wagener JS, Bost T, et. al. Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis. 1995;151:1075-1082)....
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