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Sample essays :: Social science
Social science
1. Problem of homeless people.
Our attitude to homeless people can measure the humanity and inhumanity of all people. We should understand that there is no difference between them and us. Elliot Liebow was the first one who claimed it to public. His own experience made him believe in this. Homeless women became part o his life, they drawn together. The result is his fascinating book. But these women were not part of his experiment, they were not “the insects under a microscope”. They lived their own life and Leibow made notes with their agreement. He shows these women as just human beings, who are not ugly and who are not perfect. He doesn’t try to embellish the realty, his narration is very realistic and it’s the main fascination of it. The realistic description make us believe in its credibility and make us think about our attitude to homeless women. Their subculture differs from ours, but their souls and hearts not. Homeless people usually avoid communication with well-provided people not because they despise them. They are just afraid of the feeling of coldness and apathy to them. So our main aim is to prove our good intentions and to learn more about their subculture.
2. The Place of Police in the State Structure.
Academics and sociologists also tried to analyse the the role of the police. They talk mostly about several roles, accumulated by police, examples are: – "unquestionable use of force" – this means that there should always be somebody among the rest of the people who plays the role of indisputable authority, another role is – "information gathering" – "although society has its national security agencies, nobody is better positioned in society, with the technology, with the know-how, and with the experience, to start collecting domestic information on citizens then they have a right to know." Another important sociological term is also applied to police – "function" – both intended and unintended. There are several police functions: Moral enforcement – this is one of the oldest in police history – law inforcement concerning morality issues; class control – the fact is that usually rich people do not need the police service as they have their own security, police is of no use in helping the poor people, thus police could be cosidered a middle class institution; riot control – this is the rule not to use the military forces agains the citizens of the country, usually this is exactly what police serves for; safety – making sure that nothing bad happens; crime fighting - the most serious and the most sophisticated function. The description of the problem of state/federal law realations would be easier to start with examples. In the year of 1996 Edward Hanousek , who was a road master at the rail road company running from Alaska to Canada was convicted for "negligently discharging a harmful quantity of oil into the Skagway River, a U.S. waterway, in violation of the Clean Water Act..."
3. Definition of Power as a Social Phenomenon.
(abstract)
...There are a lot of definitions of power. We will define it as an agent's ability to influence another agent, make him to follow his instructions, norms or directions. "In organizations", states Etzioni "enforcing the collectivity norms is likely to be a condition determining the powerholder's access to the means of power." (Etzioni) Etzioni has defined three types of power in his typology. They are coercive, calculative and normative powers which make three systems of organizations accordingly. First type of power called coercive assumes the capacity to use punishments to those who do not follow the instructions or break the rules. Punishment can be physical, verbal, moral and can cause physical harm, humiliation to the individual or deprive his or her of some privileges. Organizations of the coercive type use corporal punishment constraining force and pain for non-obedience. Abilities of coercive power partially met in modern organizations include the ability to dismiss, fine, appoint to undesirable positions Control over the individual and his behavior can be achieved through this type of power, but his values system is very unlikely to change. And even vice versa, the values brought by this system can be strongly disliked and rejected and division of "them and us" is very likely to appear, where "them" means all those who have the power. This power can help to keep things in good order but the changes in the behavior of individuals are temporary and will disappear as soon as the threat of punishment is gone. Intrinsic motivation is very low or absent in this situation and individual is motivated only by the extrinsic factors. Anger and a back-lash conflicts are another counterpart of this type of power...
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