Repeating a Citation

After the first complete citation of a work, you may abbreviate subsequent instances by using either Ibid. or a shortened form of the citation. See the following examples of each style.

Ibid .

Use Ibid. to repeat a footnote that appears immediately before the current footnote. Ibid. takes the place of the author's name, the title of the work, and as much of the subsequent information as is identical. For example:

50 Thomas Smith, “New Debate over Business Records,” The New York Times,

December 31, 1978 , sec. 3, p 5.

51 Ibid., p. 6.

Shortened Footnote

Use the shortened footnote style to repeat a note that is before, but not contiguous to, the current footnote.

The shortened note should include enough information to help readers identify the source— i.e., the last name of the author; enough of the title to be clear; and the page number, if different

from the first. For example:

1 Samuel A. Morley, Poverty and Inequality in Latin America : The Impact of Adjustment and Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 24–25.

2 [Citation of different source]

3 Morley, Poverty and Inequality, p. 43.